KWANON-D - legit or not ?
copyright by Frank Mechelhoff
New 6. Sept. 2006

Highest price of a CANON ever: 138.000 USD This KWANON D camera S/N 2 (probably made in 1934/35) was sold 29th July 2006 in an auction at Boston for 138.000 USD to an unknown floor bidder. It was offered without expertise or confirmed history. CANON did not bid on it allegedly because no (Kwanon) logo or name is engraved on it. This Leica Screw Mount Rangefinder camera was - if legit - predeccessor of the Hansa Canon and the Nikon I, probably the first Japanese 35mm camera. Before this auction, this camera was considered as never made (or just as a wodden dummy) or lost during the war. Maybe this is the only existing camera of  Mr. Goro Yoshida, father of all Canons.

published pictures of the Kwanon D from Peter Dechert's Canon Rangefinder book



Above: Kwanon D with rewind knob (probably modified later), rangefinder and fould-out finder.
Below: Kwanon D  (earlier version?) without rewind knob and seperate viewfinder and rangefinder (Leica III style)



This camera appears to be the role model for the advertise in the Japanese magazine.
If it is a fake, it was made according to these pictures by a true expert.





Folding finder and accessory shoe. Shutter times 1/500, 1/200, 1/100, 1/60, 1/40, 1/25 s. and T



Obviously the camera has a horizontally travel cloth shutter which curtain is rupted and not in a working condition.
A Leica-III type shutter and hread mount and rangefinder system -
which was  patent-protected  before WWII in Japan by Leica, and therefore couldn't be produced or sold by Seiki Kogaku/ Canon.
Seiki Kogaku had to find another way how to focus the lens. They found it on the Canon Hansa, their first production camera.


Canon Hansa with Nikkor lens, #548 - compare with picture I - and again the 138.000$-question: legit or not?





The (folding) Kasyapa lens - unknown maker - not Nippon Kogaku (Nikon) as early Canon Hansa lenses.
It looks like an Leitz Elmar copy. Focussing in meters. Probably the same like the Kwanon X lens in the Canon Museum.

Kwanon X from Canon camera museum with rewind knob, dual finders and top-driven gear train - pretty much Leica III.
See: http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/camera/1933-1936/data/1934_kan.html



See the octagonal chassis form, shaping all later Canon rangefinder cameras, and the lens opening placement: "golden section" between both ends.

The front film counter has no reset knobs like Leica III. A front-driven geartrain like with the Contax-I. It was disputed that a front-driven geartrain makes any sence, or is even mechanically possible with a vertically moving Leica-type shutter. It is questionable if this arrangement ever was operationable.

The shutter cray looks quite different from early Canon Hansas in Peter Dechert's book.



Two opening keys, and tpipod thread.




The #2 is engraved in the bottom plate. No logo or name is engraved (like the Kwanon logo in the Kwanon X)

The aution description was:
"Kwanon Prototype Camera, numbered 2 on inside of the body and on the base plate, black paint, with nickel-plated fittings, pop-up viewfinder, shutter speeds 2, 25, 40, 60, 100, 200, 500, rewind knob, exposure counter on the front, central tripod bush on the base plate, and un-numbered screw-fit KasyaPa f/3.5 50 mm. lens in nickel-plated mount, (brassing on the edges, optics cracked, shutter defective, mechanical condition and completeness not guaranteed).
Provenance: From information supplied by the consignor, the camera was acquired ten years ago from the daughter of a real estate agent in the Bronx, New York, along with a Contax I and a Leica II, who reported that all three cameras had been in the family since the early 1950s.
Note: The Kwanon is the earliest, pre-production form of the Canon camera. Its designer, GoroYoshida, was born in Hiroshima in 1900 and spent his early career repairing and modifying motion picture cameras and projection equipment, with trips to Shanghai in the late 1920s to procure parts. His skills, combined with the perception that the Leica and Contax Model I were "takane no hana" (beyond the reach) of most people, inspired Yoshida to design the first quality Japanese 35 mm. camera.
Yoshida's task was made more difficult by the fact that, before 1945, Leitz held all of the major patents for 35 mm. camera production. The LeicaÆs patented coupled rangefinder and viewfinder under one roof presented a particular problem. As Zeiss discovered with the Contax, anyone wishing to market a new 35 mm. camera, had to come up with a completely new design that was different from the Leica. (After the war, with Germany defeated, this was no longer a problem). However, Yoshida did dismantle a Leica for inspiration, reporting that" I just dissasembled the camera without any specific plan, but simply to take a look at each part. I found that there were no special items like diamonds inside the camera. The parts were made from brass, aluminum, iron and rubber."
With this in mind, Yoshida enlisted the financial backing of his brother-in-law, Saburu Ochida, and formed Seiki-Kogaku (which became the Precision Optical Works) in 1933 for the development of his idea. He named his prototype "Kwanon" after the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy, and the lens "Kasyapa" after one of Buddha's disciples. Although Yoshida claimed to have completed ten Kwanon cameras, the camera was apparently never put on the market, although not through want of advertising. A picture in the June 1934 issue of Asahi Camera magazine showed a black 35 mm. camera, with elements from both the Leica and the Contax, and the enthusiastic claim that ôthe best submarine is the Igo. The best airplane is the Model 92. The best camera is the Kwanon. They are all the best in the worldö. Although three variations of the Kwanon were advertised, all were apparently non-functional wooden dummies, which varied from advert to advert. This may have been because Yoshida was ultimately unable to circumvent Leica's rangefinder-coupling patents; he was subsequently "fired" from Seiki Kogaku in 1934, and apparently played no subsequent part in the development of the Kwanon.
In 1934, Seiki Kogaku approached Nippon Kogaku, the largest manufacturer of optics in Japan, in the hope of finding a method of rangefinder coupling that would avoid the Leica patents on this feature. Eiichi Yamanaka was the Nippon Kogaku technician who was primarily responsible for developing what became the new Hansa lens-mount; by contrast, the Kwanon here still retains a disc and lever assembly that couples with the lens Leica-style. With Nippon Kogaku supplying the optical system and Seiki Kogaku responsible for the chassis, the new design was ready for production before the end of 1935. The name was changed from ôKwanonö to ôCanonö, and the resulting design û designated the ôHansa Canonö after the trademark of its retailer, the Omiya Shashin Yohin Co. û was the first true production Canon camera. Thanks in part to their experience with the Hansa and the Kwanon, Nippon Kogaku introduced their own first 35 mm. camera, the Nikon I, in 1948. The leagcy of this landmark collaboration was the development of both Canon and Nikon into the two largest camera manufacturers today.
As Seiki-Kogaku had already planned for the production of the Kwanon, spare Kwanon parts (such as the base plate with centered tripod bush) that were in stock may have been used on the early Hansa Canon models. There is a story that only one actual Kwanon camera was finally sold, in a Tokyo camera store .The incorporation of a folding viewfinder on the top plate, the advance / rewind knob (which does not appear in the advertised cameras) and the spindle-disengagement were the semi-final modifications of the Kwanon's body design, and suggest that the camera here probably dates from late 1934 or early 1935. . The number "2" stamped into the inner surface of the base plate raises the possibility that this is the second operable Kwanon made, and possibly the only on to have survived. Thanks to Peter Dechert for his assistance in researching the catalogue notes."



History of early CANON: http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/history/canon_story/1933_1936/1933_1936.html


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